1,418 research outputs found
Topological invariants for spin-orbit coupled superconductor nanowires
We show that a spin-orbit coupled semiconductor nanowire with Zeeman
splitting and s-wave superconductivity is in symmetry class BDI (not D as is
commonly thought) of the topological classification of band Hamiltonians. The
class BDI allows for an integer Z topological invariant equal to the number of
Majorana fermion (MF) modes at each end of the quantum wire protected by the
chirality symmetry (reality of the Hamiltonian). Thus it is possible for this
system (and all other d=1 models related to it by symmetry) to have an
arbitrary integer number, not just 0 or 1 as is commonly assumed, of MFs
localized at each end of the wire. The integer counting the number of MFs at
each end reduces to 0 or 1, and the class BDI reduces to D, in the presence of
terms in the Hamiltonian that break the chirality symmetry.Comment: 4+ pages, no figure
Black-hole horizon and metric singularity at the brane separating two sliding superfluids
An analog of black hole can be realized in the low-temperature laboratory.
The horizon can be constructed for the `relativistic' ripplons (surface waves)
living on the brane. The brane is represented by the interface between two
superfluid liquids, 3He-A and 3He-B, sliding along each other without friction.
Similar experimental arrangement has been recently used for the observation and
investigation of the Kelvin-Helmholtz type of instability in superfluids
(cond-mat/0111343). The shear-flow instability in superfluids is characterized
by two critical velocities. The lowest threshold measured in recent experiments
(cond-mat/0111343) corresponds to appearance of the ergoregion for ripplons. In
the modified geometry this will give rise to the black-hole event horizon in
the effective metric experienced by ripplons. In the region behind the horizon,
the brane vacuum is unstable due to interaction with the higher-dimensional
world of bulk superfluids. The time of the development of instability can be
made very long at low temperature. This will allow us to reach and investigate
the second critical velocity -- the proper Kelvin-Helmholtz instability
threshold. The latter corresponds to the singularity inside the black hole,
where the determinant of the effective metric becomes infinite.Comment: LaTeX file, 12 pages, 3 Figures, version accepted in JETP Letter
Reentrant violation of special relativity in the low-energy corner
In the effective relativistic quantum field theories the energy region, where
the special relativity holds, can be sandwiched from both the high and low
energies sides by domains where the special relativity is violated. An example
is provided by 3He-A where the relativistic quantum field theory emerges as the
effective theory. The reentrant violation of the special relativity in the
ultralow energy corner is accompanied by the redistribution of the
momentum-space topological charges between the fermionic flavors. At this
ultralow energy an exotic massless fermion with the topological charge
arises, whose energy spectrum mixes the classical and relativistic behavior.
This effect can lead to neutrino oscillations if neutrino flavors are still
massless at this energy scale.Comment: RevTeX file, 5 pages, one figure, submitted to JETP Let
Single particle Green's functions and interacting topological insulators
We study topological insulators characterized by the integer topological
invariant Z, in even and odd spacial dimensions. These are well understood in
case when there are no interactions. We extend the earlier work on this subject
to construct their topological invariants in terms of their Green's functions.
In this form, they can be used even if there are interactions. Specializing to
one and two spacial dimensions, we further show that if two topologically
distinct topological insulators border each other, the difference of their
topological invariants is equal to the difference between the number of zero
energy boundary excitations and the number of zeroes of the Green's function at
the boundary. In the absence of interactions Green's functions have no zeroes
thus there are always edge states at the boundary, as is well known. In the
presence of interactions, in principle Green's functions could have zeroes. In
that case, there could be no edge states at the boundary of two topological
insulators with different topological invariants. This may provide an
alternative explanation to the recent results on one dimensional interacting
topological insulators.Comment: 16 pages, 2 figure
Local density of states of a strongly type-II d-wave superconductor: The binary alloy model in a magnetic field
We calculate self-consistently the local density of states (LDOS) of a d-wave
superconductor considering the scattering of the quasiparticles off randomly
distributed impurities and off externally induced vortices. The impurities and
the vortices are randomly distributed but the vortices are preferably located
near the impurities. The increase of either the impurity repulsive potential or
the mpurity density only affects the density of states (DOS) slightly. The
dominant effect is due to the vortex scattering. The results for the LDOS agree
qualitatively with experimental results considering that most vortices are
pinned at the impurities.Comment: To be published in Physical Review
Gravity of Monopole and String and Gravitational Constant in 3He-A
We discuss the effective metric produced in superfluid 3He-A by such
topological objects as radial disgyration and monopole. In relativistic
theories these metrics are similar to that of the local string and global
monopole correspondingly. But in 3He-A they have the negative angle deficit,
which corresponds to the negative mass of the topological objects. The
effective gravitational constant G in superfluid 3He-A, derived from the
comparison with relativistic theories, is inversely proportional to the square
of the gap amplitude Delta, which plays the part of the Planck energy cut-off.
G depends on temperature and increases with T, which corresponds to the vacuum
screening of the Newton's constant.Comment: Latex file, 10 pages, no figure
On thermodynamic and quantum fluctuations of cosmological constant
We discuss from the condensed-matter point of view the recent idea that the
Poisson fluctuations of cosmological constant about zero could be a source of
the observed dark energy. We argue that the thermodynamic fluctuations of
Lambda are much bigger. Since the amplitude of fluctuations is proportional to
V^{-1/2}, where V is the volume of the Universe, the present constraint on the
cosmological constant provides the lower limit for V, which is much bigger than
the volume within the cosmological horizon.Comment: 4 pages, version submitted to JETP Letter
Stability of half quantum vortex in rotating superfluid 3He-A between parallel plates
We have found the precise stability region of the half quantum vortex (HQV)
for superfluid He A phase confined in parallel plates with a narrow gap
under rotation. Standard Ginzburg-Landau free energy, which is well
established, is solved to locate the stability region spanned by temperature
and rotation speed (). This - stability region is wide
enough to check it experimentally in available experimental setup. The detailed
order parameter structure of HQV characterized by A core is given to
facilitate the physical reasons of its stability over other vortices or
textures.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Detecting the Majorana fermion surface state of He-B through spin relaxation
The concept of the Majorana fermion has been postulated more than eighty
years ago; however, this elusive particle has never been observed in nature.
The non-local character of the Majorana fermion can be useful for topological
quantum computation. Recently, it has been shown that the 3He-B phase is a
time-reversal invariant topological superfluid, with a single component of
gapless Majorana fermion state localized on the surface. Such a Majorana
surface state contains half the degrees of freedom of the single Dirac surface
state recently observed in topological insulators. We show here that the
Majorana surface state can be detected through an electron spin relaxation
experiment. The Majorana nature of the surface state can be revealed though the
striking angular dependence of the relaxation time on the magnetic field
direction, where is the angle between the
magnetic field and the surface normal. The temperature dependence of the spin
relaxation rate can reveal the gapless linear dispersion of the Majorana
surface state. We propose a spin relaxation experiment setup where we inject an
electron inside a nano-sized bubble below the helium liquid surface.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures; reformatted with reference adde
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